Keywords
Amnesia
Transient Global
Transient Global/epidemiology
zaleplon
zopiclone
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Sleep is crucial for an individual's physical and mental well-being, and problems related to sleep disorders are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Z-drugs were developed with superior pharmacokinetics to benzodiazepines and are now recognized and authorized for the treatment of insomnia. Despite their superior pharmacokinetics, Z-drugs are associated with a concerning adverse effect: transient global amnesia. Materials and methods: This systematic review was conducted using articles published between 2006 and 2021. In addition, the risk factors associated with its onset were investigated. Results: A total of 783 patients were included. The study with the most patients had 516 and the one with the fewest had 1, with a mean of 78.3. Of the total number of patients, 104 (13.28%) presented with transient global amnesia. The study that reported the most patients had 79 and the one with the fewest had 1, with a mean of 10.4. Conclusion: Before prescribing a Z-hypnotic, the physician should consider whether the patient lives alone, takes other psychotropic drugs, takes many medications concomitantly, or is malnourished, because, as this review concludes, all of these are risk factors for transient global amnesia.
References
1. Moniri NH. Reintroduction of quazepam: an update on comparative hypnotic and adverse effects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;34(6):275–285.
2. Bain KT. Management of chronic insomnia in elderly persons. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006;4(2):168–192.
3. Gunja N. In the Zzz zone: the effects of Z-drugs on human performance and driving. J Med Toxicol. 2013;9(2):163–171.
4. Gunja N. The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs. J Med Toxicol. 2013;9(2):155–162.
5. McBeth BD, McNamara RM, Ankel FK, Mason EJ, Ling LJ, Flottemesch TJ, et al. Modafinil and zolpidem use by emergency medicine residents. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(12):1311–1317.
6. Borchert JS, Wang B, Ramzanali M, Stein AB, Malaiyandi LM, Dineley KE. Adverse events due to insomnia drugs reported in a regulatory database and online patient reviews: comparative study. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(11):e13371.
7. Berkowitz AL. Delirio, demencia y demencia rápidamente progresiva. En: Neurología clínica y neuroanatomía: un enfoque basado en la localización [Internet]. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2020. Disponible en: https://accessmedicina.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175410326
8. Arena JE, Rabinstein AA. Transient global amnesia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(2):264–272.
9. Poceta JS. Zolpidem ingestion, automatisms, and sleep driving: a clinical and legal case series. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(6):632–638.
10. Paulke A, Wunder C, Toennes SW. Sleep self-intoxication and sleep driving as rare zolpidem-induced complex behaviour. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129(1):85–88.
11. Paradis CM, Siegel LA, Kleinman SB. Two cases of zolpidem-associated homicide. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2012;14(4):PCC.12br01363.
12. Inagaki T, Miyaoka T, Tsuji S, Inami Y, Nishida A, Horiguchi J. Adverse reactions to zolpidem: case reports and a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12(6):PCC.09r00849.
13. Chen LF, Lin CE, Chou YC, Mao WC, Chen YC, Tzeng NS. A comparison of complex sleep behaviors with two short-acting Z-hypnosedative drugs in nonpsychotic patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1159–1162.
14. Tsai JH, Yang P, Chen CC, Chung W, Tang TC, Wang SY, et al. Zolpidem-induced amnesia and somnambulism: rare occurrences? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;19(1):74–76.
15. Tsai MJ, Tsai YH, Huang YB. Compulsive activity and anterograde amnesia after zolpidem use. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45(2):179–181. doi:10.1080/15563650600956741
16. Kito S, Koga Y. Visual hallucinations and amnesia associated with zolpidem triggered by fluvoxamine: a possible interaction. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(4):749–751. doi:10.1017/S1041610206214418
17. Najjar M. Zolpidem and amnestic sleep-related eating disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(6):637–638.
18. Chopra A, Selim B, Silber MH, Krahn L. Para-suicidal amnestic behavior associated with chronic zolpidem use: implications for patient safety. Psychosomatics. 2013;54(5):498–501. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2012.10.012
19. Chiang A, Krystal A. Report of two cases where sleep-related eating behavior occurred with the extended-release formulation but not the immediate-release formulation of a sedative-hypnotic agent. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(2):155–156.
20. Tsai MY, Tsai MH, Yang SC, Tseng YL, Chuang YC. Transient global amnesia-like episode due to mistaken intake of zolpidem: drug safety concern in the elderly. J Patient Saf. 2009;5(1):32–34. doi:10.1097/PTS.0b013e3181990d62
21. Maravelias C, Stefanidou M, Dona A, Athanaselis S, Spiliopoulou C. Drug-facilitated sexual assault provoked by the victim's religious beliefs: a case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2009;30(4):384–385. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181c03e2e
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Laíse Rohde Sorato, Marcelo Adrián Estrin (Author)